Comparison of Tesco and Oxfam

Comparison of Tesco and Oxfam FINDINGS: I have chosen two contrasting organizations TESCO and Oxfam. Tesco is a shopping mart where we can purchase our essential things. It can also be define as a global grocery and general merchandising vendor headquartered in UK. Sir Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell extra food stuff from a stall in the East End of London. Tesco first appeared above a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world measured by income Tesco private limited corporation (PLC) is the biggest super mart in UK which has 29% of shares in market compared to other companies like asda which has 17% shares in market. PLC private limited company and dont allow its shares for sale publically. Plc company makes profit more than public companies. A Plc company has no limits of share and share capital and there is no limit to the members liability because there is no limitation on members liability Purpose of Tesco is to make money and invest and sale quality products. And provide reliable materials to consumers. Why do Tesco exist? Tesco exist to provide the goods and services that people and earning money and profits from business .it provides jobs for people the Tesco provides daily need products . Products that customers demand like food, clothes, Home electircs,Sound and vision ,Bed and bath, Furniture and kitchen, Clothing and jewellery, Toys and gift, Baby and toddlers, Garden needs. Products and services supplied at profit, at cost and below cost. Tesco is getting profit by introducing new brands and also selling goods at lease.tehy are getting profit on products by supplying them to other countries and at whole sale. They can sell products by introducing off packages to customers at low prices for a specific duration which means to make them as a regular customers to gain profit in future. And also out of seasons sale which shows selling at low cost. Objectives of TESCO are as tesco is UKs finest food retailers having 519 stores in England, Wales, and Scotland. And 105 stores in France managed by wine producer and 44 in Hungary managed by international. Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is introducing young talents and sound management of workers and training practices and giving job on marit basis not by personal relations.Tesco maintaining its relationships with product makers supplier on quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. also Providing good environment and protection. Ownership can be defined as Employee or executive who has the principle responsibility for a business, or project The public sector in this type of ownership only British people can get ownership in Tesco to gain profit. Sole Traders controlled and financed by one person. Least expensive form of ownership to organize. Sole proprietors receive all income generated by the business to keep or reinvest. Partnerships contains 2 -20 members who share their assets and profits from business. Public Limited Companies (PLCs) shares to the general public it contains Minimum of 2 but no maximum number of shareholders Private Limited Companies contains financed and controlled by between 2 and 50 shareholders. Franchises .A business which has bought the right to trade under established name in different cities.e.g McDonalds, KFC. Co-operatives it contains Groups of people who enter business and share the benefits customers Co-operatives, Producer Co-operatives, Worker Co-operatives. Charitable trust for helping famines and collect funds from rich .and also receives funds from GOVT. OXFAM It is a trouble reliever organization which includes 14 countries organization with 3,000 partners in around 100 countries to decrease poverty and injustice .It can be define as an International organization which helps and provide training and financial aid to people in developing countries and disaster areas. A UK based organization which was established in the 1942. Oxfam is campaigns, development program and emergency response by co operation of internationally connected associations. Oxfam international was formed in 1995 by an independent non government organization. Development Works with local partner organization And helps poor and poverty. And realizing People Their rights e.g. education, health Emergency Oxfam provides life saving aids during Emergency and help people for Future Crises Campaigning Putting the pressure on leaders to make long lasting change Oxfam International is group of 13 independent association contains Germany Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, , Great Britain, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Ireland, The Netherlands, Quebec, Spain and the United States. Why Oxfam exist? Oxfam exists to make a global impact on the causes of poverty. Today mostly countries areas are facing problems and Oxfam is the most efficient organization to help them. Campaign initiatives, planning and putting into practice new tactics and strategies to spread climate change.oxfam is trying to make relationships globally with international NGOs to develop prosperity. Objectives of OXFAM: Relieve suffering caused by natural disasters.Oxfam supports peace and understanding based upon mutual tolerance and respect. Strengthen peoples capacity to help them. Oxfam works for trade justice, fair trade, education and aid, health, HIV/AIDS, conflict ,campaigning and natural disasters, human rights, and climate change. Oxfams International purpose. The main purposes of Oxfam are Promote, assist and manage relationship between the Oxfam international to do help all disasterd people globall.and earning name at international level And removing poverty OXFAM has its committee in different countries which are as under Oxfam GB (Great Britain) .Oxfam Canada.Oxfam America. Oxfam GB (Great Britain) independent non-profit organization is the biggest family for help and has large capacity of workers and income for famines . In UK OXFAM GB was originated in 1942. Oxfam Canada is first member of Oxfam International, and was developed in 1963.in at start Canada Oxfam faced troubles soon Canada began to analyse its role in the development process. OXFAM in AMERICA an independent non-profit organization was developed in America in 1970 and fight for independence and shelter. Advantages of Oxfam are they dont have to pay tax. they get ready to help other. they receive money from businessman and Government. TESCO Stakeholder Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. It is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. Tesco has many stakeholders. Government, Customers, Employees, Local Community, Suppliers, and Pressure Groups: they all have equal importance in building of Tesco Customers. Usually a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from key holders Diagram of stakeholder in organization Supplier Owners Government Creditors Customer Directors Workers Community Unions Key stakeholders in a business organization Customers. These are the people who buy products from shops and to save lives of needy people. Customers want reliable products and at low prices. Employees its how you manage in any situation; understand the customer; be first with the customer use your strength to deliver unbeatable value and look after the staff so they can look after the customer, teamwork trust and respect. Directors they are responsible for business objectives and managing all strategic decisions .director holds discussion at board meetings. Where they make strategy for improving business, Managers they are responsible for obtaining goals creating atmosphere of work among workers, each manager has handles accounting, law marketing, and sales production. Suppliers they supply products at commercial level like banking .they supply goods to different branches. Owners they are the business, assets holder, and pay the workers. Pressure groups not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy rules. Trade unions function is discuss pay and working conditions and creates discipline among workers Employee Associations they set up pay packages and employees for resolving argument. Stakeholders of Oxfam Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. It is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. Volunteers they are the workers who help in building Oxfams strength. Volunteering is a personal Choice, not a compulsory job. Express values in activities that are meaningful. And co operates for helping in medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Campaign supporters The Individuals, celebrities, politicians and organizations across the run campaign for collecting funds and to remove illiteracy and poverty. Individual donors this types of donors can make decisions faster, they mostly work in under developed countries to make them growing countries, and feel this easy to work alone. Donate personally money, clothes for removing poverty. Customers are the main participant in organization. They help by buying food, drinks, and also help organization by used drink bottles and wrappers for recycling and make collection for Oxfam. Without their involvement it is not possible collecting money for Oxfam. Employees they are workers of Oxfam and work in flood relieving, food preparation, palcing people in save places when they get infected. Pressure groups they help in protesting if Government is not funding properly.ank manage strike on roads, institutes, cites and encourage people for infected s help from Govt. FUNCTIONAL AREA OF TESCO Board of Directors Finance department Marketing sales department Production department Finance manager Accountant Marketing manager Area sales manager Sales staff Production manager Production supervisor Production workers Human resource department Human resource manager Clerical assistant ICT department Board of directors people are the people of tesco who have decision-making rights, voting rights specific responsibilities which in each case are separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity. Finance department is responsible of balance sheets, profit and loss of tesco and responsible to keep records of fund and all planning of Tesco financial income and loss. Finance manager duties are to make investment sheets ,financial reports, activities, and implement cash management strategies. Accountant helps managers to make reports, investments (savings), and tax implementations. Handles profit loss details, cost production, financial statements. Marketing sales department function is to understand users needs and fulfil requirements with quality of goods and also pay attention to their demands and fulfil that correctly. Sales manager Sell products and services to the customer for the profit and want to become finest retailer. They make products available for all customers. Production Tesco is to make sure that the goods of Tesco are formed on time and is in a suitable quality for the customers. And maintain furniture. Production managers duty is to handle all kind of goods preparation demands and duration when product will get ready for customers and at given time and at exact time and standard. Production workers made goods according to the user demands and works exactly in uniform way. They have to know all about wht customer wants and what kind of material should use. Human resources keep hold of good experienced staff and only choose hardworking employees and They deal with the recruitment, employees, planning, , training and paying to employees. ICT (International Computers and Tabulators) its main function is to check that all data of Tesco is stored properly. All computer software are working, all business websites are accessing.(tescopls.com) FUNCTIONAL AREA OF OXFAM Oxfam ambassadors Political counsellors Deputy Chief of mission Defence attached Economic counsellor Public affairs Chief security assistant Administrative counsellor Director Counsellor office Agency representatives Director Peace Corps Ambassadors are the highly ranked representative within a nation for other organization. and directly linked by Government. Political counsellors/ Deputy Chief of mission/ Defence attached they all are directly attached with ambassador an communicate all society problem with each other and make decisions Director is a group of people nominated by the owners of a business who have decision-making authority, voting authority specific responsibilities which in each case is separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity Deputy Chief of missionHe or she acts like a ambassador in absence of chief of mission. He handles matter in absence of chief of mission Political, Economic, Public Affairs, Management) at the Embassy,. Director Peace Corps US company that sends American volunteers to developing countries for educational, agricultural improvements. Tesco Mission and values Planning, calculating and the passing of information form rival is called mission. Tescos mission is to earn profit and sale pure goods. And to sale goods online by using website tesco.com and public dealing in good manner to make regular customers and create significance for customers to earn their lifetime reliability. Values Values of an organization defines it standards. They show Respect to each others Try to give their best. Want to be energetic and fit. Tesco strategies to become are successful international trader, to become famous business party. To be good food provider to put community at the heart of what we do. Objectives Tesco increasing customers by offering buy 1 gets 1 free. Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance, product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is introducing young talents and sound management of workers and training practices and giving job on merit basis not by personal relations. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier (product makers) on strict quality and price criteria.Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. Provides good environment and protection Strategic Planning Tesco is trying to make shopping easy and comfortable. Seeking to low price to help people Lessing prices. Smart objectives of Tesco Specific Tesco wants to make profit its sale. Measurable Tesco is leading in business by its major shares in market. Achievable Tesco achieve its goal by increasing its customers and making profits. Tesco has achieved it by good quality products. Realistic Tesco is third big company in world. OXFAM Mission It acts for attitudinal change to facilitate in development, socially and economically. It helps famine and giving life to them. Values satisfactory behavior within organization. Behavior of individuals within the organization. And Flexible commitment. Use time and resources efficiently Strategic aims and objectives Oxfam works for trade justice, fair trade, education and aid, health, HIV/AIDS, conflict ,campaigning and natural disasters, human rights, and climate change. and supporting children by educating them and providing food. Oxfam strategic planning process Oxfam is worlds 3rd largest nonprofit organization and Oxfam strategic planning process is to works for the removal of poverty. To fight homelessness and also for the development of undeveloped area and for progress of organization. Smart objectives of Oxfam Specific Reducing Poverty is specific objective. Measurable Oxfam is responding to 26 emergency situations worldwide. Relevant skills Oxfam is finding people who have skills to tackle problems. Time-based Oxfam includes 14 countries union working in more than 100 countries. M1 Point of Views of different stakeholders Directors the business through meetings with top managers and managing stretegies for progress of tesco.Employees should work hard on making good quality products that will make profit and also increase pay and conditions of Employees and also helpful for safety, health and pension arrangements. Customers views are to getting latest brands and saving by low price products. D1 Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in one organization Stakeholders stand for great influence in organization. Developing countries employees make fashionable clothes and brands to exert little power over their employers to give them jobs and getting new products. Owners are the organizations main stakeholders and gain profit and pays all bills and wages to workers and remain profit shares with shareholders directors pay attention to make strategy and decisions regarding organization Government influences by law rights to change behaviour of environmental or health and safety. Employees exert main role in business profit or loss. When the economy is active they work hard and make extra products. Customers also create great influence within an organization by purchasing products from store or online at low prices. Conclusion I was given an Assignment of two contrasting organizations Tesco and Oxfam. I found that both organizations are serving better in their departments and both are for people. in both organizations stake holder are more important participant because if you dont have too many stake holder and your profitable and non profitable organizations will not succeed in their missions. Recommendations I would like to recommend the both different organization one is profit gaining Tesco and nonprofits gaining Oxfam have good customer connection because Oxfam is an international charity which is focused on fighting poverty and providing them shelter.and Tesco is providing daily needs products for customers and also providing funds to Oxfoam so that they can participate in decreasing poverty. So both plays important role for customers.

Hundreds Years War Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hundred Years War The definition of the Golden Rule is that those with the gold make the rules. In other words, those with the gold have the power as well as those with the power have the gold. History books will discuss the general reasons for war such as freedom from adversity or freedom from religion. But the real issue for any war is the thirst for power and control; and the means to finance them are the economic issues. Nations will endure years of fighting for power and control. France and England fought each other for more than a hundred years to have control of the Channel trade routes. 1 This century of warring was known as The Hundred Years' War and is the longest war in record history. It began in 1337 when King Edward III invaded Normandy and ended in 1453 when France won the Battle of Bordeaux. However, it was not a hundred years of constant battle; there were periods of truces in between. 2 One cause for the Hundred Years' War was the claim to the French throne. The conflict began when t he direct line of succession died without a male heir and the nobles decided to pass the crown to a cousin, Philip of Valois. But this left two other male cousins equally deserving of the crown; Charles, King of Navarre and Edward III, King of England. 3 Edward III claimed that he himself was deserving of the throne because his mother was the sister of the late French king, while Philip VI was only a cousin. But according to French law, no women could inherit the throne, nor could the crown be inherited through a woman. 4 "Philip of Valois chances of becoming King of France had been remote and he had not been brought up as the future lieutenant of God on Earth. Philip VI spent much of his resources on entertainment and finery with gay abandon." 5 This caused conflict with the king's subjects. Since the king was considered to be sacred and inviolable, neither cousin would challenge Philip VI. However, they would exploit the situation and King Edward III lost no time and inv aded Normandy with an army of 10,000 men. 6 This leads to another cause for The Hundred Years' War. The land along the Channel and Atlantic coasts was England's first line of defense against an invasion. England held claim to this territory from the twelth century through the marriage of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. King Edward III was determined to gain control of the Fr... ...ot;Hundred Years' War." Compton's Online Encyclopedia. 1995. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York: John Day Company, 1967. Palmer, J.J.N. England, France and Christendom. London: University of North Carolina Press, 1972. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London: Oxford University Press, 1970. --- Notes 1. Palmer, J.J.N., England, France and Christendom. London: University of North Carolina Press, 23. 2. "Hundred Years' War." Compton's Online Encyclopedia. 1995. 3. Palmer, 47. 4. "Hundred Years' War" 5. Duby, Georges. France in the Middle Ages 987-1460. Paris: Blackwell, 1987, 274. 6. "Hundred Years' War" 7. Barnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974, 181. 8. Palmer, 120. 9. "Hundred Years' War" 10. Barnie, 219. 11. Duby, 233. 12. "Hundred Years' War" 13. Palmer, 161. 14. "Hundred Years' War" 15. Barnie, 25. 16. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York: John Day Company, 1967, 214. 17. Hutchinson, 214. 18. Barnie, 245. 19. "Hundred Years' War" 20. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, 165. 21. Vale, 215.

Plato and Stephen Hawking Essay

1. If some parties lead to trouble and trouble should be avoided, then some parties should be avoided. (m) Trouble (p) should be avoided (s) Some parties (m) lead to trouble (s) Some parties (p) should be avoided 2. Physicists are the only scientists who theorize about the nature of time and Stephen Hawking certainly does that. Therefore, Stephen Hawking must be a physicist. (p) Physicists are the only scientists who (m) theorize about the nature of time (s) Stephen Hawking (m) theorizes about the nature of time (s) Stephen Hawking (p) should be a physicist 3. Obviously J.R. is married, he’s wearing a ring. (m) Men that wear rings (p) are married (s) J.R. (m) is wearing a ring (s) J.R. (p) is married 4. If people should be paid comparative salaries for comparable work, then since women are people, it’s obvious that women should earn the same salary as men. People should be paid comparative salaries for comparable work Women are people Women should earn the same salary as men. 5. Everything must have a cause, then God must have a cause. After all God is something. Everything must have a cause God is something God must have a cause 6. Scientists today claim that the Peruvian Andes, a long mountain chain running the length of the Pacific plate of South America, are caused by subduction of the earth’s crust. Subduction is caused when two continents collide resulting in rock formation. El Mirador, one of the most famous peaks, is a mountain in that chain. It contains elements found in all molten rock such as basalt and lava. Scientist are convinced that El Mirador is a product of the subduction process. 7. In their never-ending quest to seek more efficient killing methods, scientists and engineers in the U.S. Army’s research and development division have produced a new biological agent. From previous studies the bio-technicians have seen that all biological agents capable of destroying the central nervous system are more cost-effective than explosive devices such as bullets or bombs. The new agent entitled The Patriot Bug effectively neutralizes the central impulse to the brain, killing a human being in just two minutes and it does this cheaply. The army will seek approval to deploy this agent at next month’s Pentagon meeting. 8. The California Supreme Court severely limited the rights of overweight-people to sue for job discrimination, ruling yesterday against a 305 pound woman who claimed she was denied a job in a health food store because of her size. By a 7-0 vote the court held that job applicants turned away because of weight cannot sue unless there is evidence of a physiological systemic basis for their condition. A person’s girth alone is not enough to qualify as a physical handicap protected by state discrimination laws, the justices ruled. The court didn’t specify what medical evidence is required but one employment lawyer speculated that a person overweight because of diabetes could sue. The ruling was a defeat for Toni Cassista, a five foot for woman who claimed she was illegally denied a job at a Santa Cruz health food store because of her weight. 9. This is from a Platonic Dialogue called the Crito: Socrates: Again Crito, can we do evil? Crito: Surely not, Socrates. Socrates: And what of doing evil in return for evil, which is the morality of the â€Å"many†, (society) is that just or not. Crito: Not just. Socrates: For doing injury is the same as injuring him? Crito: Very true. Socrates: Then we ought not to retaliate or render evil for evil to any one, whatever evil may have suffered from him†¦ 10. All Peace Corps volunteers are people who have witnessed poverty and desolation and all people insensitive to human need are people who have never witnessed poverty and desolation. Thus, all Peace Corps volunteers are people sensitive to human need. People who have never witnessed poverty and desolation are insensitive to human needs All Peace Corps volunteers are people who have witnessed poverty and desolation All Peace Corps volunteers are people sensitive to human needs 11. Some unintentional killings are not punishable offenses inasmuch as all cases of self-defense are un-punishable offenses and some intentional killings are cases of self-defense. All cases of self-defense are un-punishable offenses Some intentional killings are cases of self-defense Some unintentional killings are not punishable 12. The US surgeon General latest report on cigarettes and cancer is an interesting example of natural selection in the late 20th century. The intelligent members of our species will quit smoking and survive. The dummies will continue to puff away. 13. Policies to limit alcohol abuse in the military are the best preventative to alcohol abuse. If the Defense Department is so intent of fighting alcohol abuse why does it make alcohol so readily available? Alcohol is tax free at post liquor stores and enlisted and officers clubs make drinking almost a mandatory facet of military life. 14. Toy corporations which promote the purchase of toy guns give children a clear message that the best way to deal with frustration and conflict is with a gun. Yes, toy corporations spend millions on developing new toy weapons every year. What message are we sending our youth? The purchase of toy guns give children a clear message that the best way to deal with frustration and conflict is with a gun. Toy corporations spend millions on developing new toy weapons every year. Toy corporations which promote the purchase of toy guns give children a clear message that the best way to deal with frustration and conflict is with a gun.

Honor Killings or Shame Killings in Asia

Honor Killings or Shame Killings in Asia In many of the countries of South Asia and the Middle East, women can be targeted by their own families for death in what is known as â€Å"honor killings.† Often the victim has acted in a way that seems unremarkable to observers from other cultures; she has sought a divorce, refused to go through with an arranged marriage, or had an affair. In the most horrifying cases, a woman who suffers a rape then gets murdered by her own relatives. Yet, in highly patriarchal cultures, these actions – even being the victim of a sexual assault – are often seen as a blot on the honor and the reputation of the woman’s entire family, and her family may decide to maim or kill her. A woman (or rarely, a man) does not have to actually break any cultural taboos in order to become an honor killing victim. Just the suggestion that she has behaved inappropriately may be enough to seal her fate, and her relatives will not give her a chance to defend herself before carrying out the execution. In fact, women have been killed when their families knew they were completely innocent; just the fact that rumors had started going around was enough to dishonor the family, so the accused woman had to be killed. Writing for the United Nations, Dr. Aisha Gill defines an honor killing or honor violence as: ...any form of violence perpetrated against females within the framework of patriarchal family structures, communities, and/or societies, where the main justification for the perpetration of violence is the protection of a social construction of ‘honour’ as a value-system, norm, or tradition. In some cases, however, men may also be victims of honor killing, particularly if they are suspected of being homosexual, or if they refuse to marry the bride selected for them by their family. Honor killings take many different forms, including shooting, strangling, drowning, acid attacks, burning, stoning, or burying the victim alive. What is the justification for this horrific intrafamilial violence?   A report published by Canada’s Department of Justice quotes Dr. Sharif Kanaana of Birzeit University, who notes that honor killing in Arab cultures is not solely or even primarily about controlling a woman’s sexuality, per se.  Rather, Dr. Kanaana states: What the men of the family, clan, or tribe seek control of in a patrilineal society is reproductive power.  Women for the tribe were considered a factory for making men. The honor killing is not a means to control sexual power or behavior. What’s behind it is the issue of fertility, or reproductive power. Interestingly, honor murders are usually carried out by the fathers, brothers, or uncles of the victims – not by husbands. Although in a patriarchal society, wives are seen as the property of their husbands, any alleged misbehavior reflects dishonor on their birth families rather than their husbands’ families. Thus, a married woman who is accused of transgressing cultural norms is usually killed by her blood relatives. How did this tradition begin? Honor killing today is often associated in western minds and media with Islam, or less commonly with Hinduism, because it happens most often in Muslim or Hindu countries.  In fact, it is a cultural phenomenon separate from religion. First, let’s consider the sexual mores embedded in Hinduism. Unlike the major monotheistic religions, Hinduism does not consider sexual desire to be unclean or evil in any way, although sex just for the sake of lust is frowned upon. However, as with all other issues in Hinduism, questions such as the appropriateness of extramarital sex depend in large part upon the caste of the persons involved. It was never appropriate for a Brahmin to have sexual relations with a low caste person, for example. Indeed, in the Hindu context, most honor killings have been of couples from very different castes who fell in love. They might be killed for refusing to marry a different partner chosen by their families, or for secretly marrying the partner of their own choice. Premarital sex was also a taboo for Hindu women, in particular, as shown by the fact that brides are always referred to as â€Å"maidens† in the Vedas. In addition, boys from the Brahmin caste were strictly forbidden from breaking their celibacy, usually until around the age of 30. They were required to devote their time and energy to priestly studies, and avoid distractions such as young women. We could find no historical record of young Brahmin men being killed by their families if they strayed from their studies and sought the pleasures of the flesh. Honor Killing and Islam In the pre-Islamic cultures of the Arabian Peninsula and also of what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan, society was highly patriarchal. A woman’s reproductive potential belonged to her birth family and could be â€Å"spent† any way they chose – preferably through a marriage that would strengthen the family or clan financially or militarily. However, if a woman brought so-called dishonor on that family or clan, by allegedly engaging in premarital or extramarital sex (whether consensual or not), her family had the right to â€Å"spend† her future reproductive capacity by killing her. When Islam developed and spread throughout this region, it actually brought a different perspective on this question. Neither the Koran itself nor the hadiths make any mention of honor killing, good or bad. Extra-judicial killings, in general, are forbidden by sharia law; this includes honor killings because they are carried out by the victim’s family, rather than by a court of law. This is not to say that the Koran and sharia condone premarital or extramarital relationships. Under the most common interpretations of sharia, premarital sex is punishable by up to 100 lashes for both men and women, while adulterers of either gender can be stoned to death. Nonetheless, today many men in Arab nations such as ​Saudi Arabia, ​Iraq, and Jordan, as well as in Pashtun areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan, adhere to the tradition of honor killing rather than taking the accused persons to court. It is notable that in other predominantly Islamic nations, such as Indonesia, Senegal, Bangladesh, Niger, and Mali, honor killing is a practically unknown phenomenon.  This strongly supports the idea that honor killing is a cultural tradition, rather than a religious one. Impact of Honor Killing Culture The honor killing cultures that were born in pre-Islamic Arabia and South Asia have a world-wide impact today. Estimates of the number of women murdered each year in honor killings range from the United Nations’ 2000 estimate of about 5,000 dead to a BBC report’s estimate based on humanitarian organizations’ counts of more than 20,000. Growing communities of Arab, Pakistani, and Afghan people in western countries also means that the issue of honor killings is making itself felt across Europe, the US, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. High-profile cases, such as the 2009 murder of an Iraqi-American woman named Noor Almaleki, have horrified western observers. According to a CBS News report on the incident, Almaleki was raised in Arizona from the age of four and was highly westernized. She was independent-minded, liked to wear blue jeans, and, at age 20, had moved out of her parents’ home and was living with her boyfriend and his mother. Her father, enraged that she had rejected an arranged marriage and moved in with her boyfriend, ran her over with his minivan and killed her. Incidents like Noor Almaleki’s murder, and similar killings in Britain, Canada, and elsewhere, highlight an additional danger for the female children of immigrants from honor killing cultures.  Girls who acculturate to their new countries – and most children do – are extremely vulnerable to honor attacks. They absorb the ideas, attitudes, fashions, and social mores of the western world. As a result, their fathers, uncles, and other male relatives feel that they are losing the family honor because they no longer have control over the girls’ reproductive potential. The outcome, in too many cases, is murder. Sources Julia Dahl. â€Å"Honor killing under growing scrutiny in the U.S.,† CBS News, April 5, 2012. Department of Justice, Canada. â€Å"Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing,† Preliminary Examination of so-called â€Å"Honour Killings† in Canada, Sept. 4, 2015. Dr. Aisha Gill. â€Å"Honour Killings and the Quest for Justice in Black and Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK,† United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. June 12, 2009. â€Å"Honor Violence Factsheet,† Honor Diaries. Accessed May 25, 2016. Jayaram V. â€Å"Hinduism and Premarital Relationships,† Hinduwebsite.com. Accessed May 25, 2016. Ahmed Maher. â€Å"Many Jordan teenagers ‘support honour killings,† BBC News. June 20, 2013.

Look here for pros and cons of essay writing services reviews

Look here for pros and cons of essay writing services reviews Before people decide to spend their hard earned money on a product or service, many of them do some research so they can be sure they are dealing with a reputable person or business. This process usually involves speaking with friends and family members who may have some experience and advice. If this isnt available, most people go to the internet to do research. There, they look for customer testimonials and reviews. Students who are considering using writing services are no different. They look to information on the internet so that they can make an informed decision about spending their money and relying on somebody else for academic help. The question is, how helpful are these reviews? The answer depends on where you look. What Makes a Helpful Review? Whether or not a review is helpful depends on how it was written. For example, an angry rant is rarely of any use to people researching a company. First, these reviews usually reflect an unhealthy bias from the person writing the review. Second, these reviews are snapshots of one persons individual experience at one point in time, and there is rarely any context given or consideration for any mitigating factors. On the other hand, overly positive reviews are often equally as useless as negative reviews. Just like negative reviews, these reflect a single experience at a single point in time. The other issue with both positive and negative reviews is that you never know if somebody is trying to boost their own ratings or somebody who is acting as a troll. This is why it is important to seek out thorough reviews that have been written for the purposes of educating and informing readers, not reviews that simply reflect a single experience. If you run across a review that isnt very detai led, uses abrasive language, uses flowery language, and appears to lack much information about a writing service, you should probably look somewhere else for your information. Why Review Websites Are Best Not to toot our own horn, but we really believe we offer students the most helpful advice and reviews when it comes to writing services. The reviews we post are based upon a thorough study of the quality of a writing services website, their customer service policies, their ability to write quality papers, the ease of placing an order and making payment, the ability of the writers to communicate with customers, and the overall user experience. If you read the reviews on our website, you will know which writing services are the best choice for you and why. You will also have a pretty good idea on how to navigate their website and you will know what you need to do to get started. You will also know which websites to avoid altogether. Our goal is to help students find the best fit for their financial and academic needs. If you have questions about any of our reviews, dont hesitate to contact us. We would love to help.

Forgotten Wars; Operation Blue Star Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Forgotten Wars; Operation Blue Star - Essay Example Large scale protests by the Sikh community all over the world followed. On 31st October 1984, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards. Frenzied mobs attacked the Sikh Community in Delhi and some other northern states and more than 8000 Sikhs lost their lives. The operation blue star and the Sikh massacre following Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s assassination have left indelible scars on the psych of the Sikh community. Though the incidents are fresh in the Sikh minds they are totally forgotten by the authorities who are responsible for punishing the culprits and upholding justice. The Sikhs are left to wonder whether are part of India at all. Altogether, the event ‘Operation Blue Star’ has been overlooked or under-studied within war studies. It is relevant to trace the historical background of the Sikh race, their struggles and the events leading up to their current plight. History has not been kind to the Sikh community. They always had to fight for their survival. In 17th and 18th centuries they had to fight many wars, mostly with the Moghul army. According a website data, more than 20,000 Sikhs were massacred by Afghan invader, Ahmed Shah’s soldiers on 5th of February 1762. Sikhs call this incident ‘Wadda Ghalughara’, which means ‘the great holocaust’ (All About Sikhs). Their ten Gurus guided them and led them in theses wars. The Sikhs have always been enthralled by the sacrifice, courage valour and dignity of their Gurus. During the years 1845 to 1846, the British troops defeated the Sikh army and took control of the state. The British rightly judged that the Sikh were like wounded lions and would not take it lying low. So they adopted a strategy of pacification. They allowed the Sikhs to practice their religion freely. They recruited Sikhs into the British army allowing them to retain all the

Research Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Plan - Assignment Example Basis for Violent Crimes Committed by Teenage Offenders Thesis Statement The statement for this thesis is to conduct research that presents why youthful offenders, aged 18 and under, commit the violent crimes they do, such as murders of old people and babies, and to determine what effective punishments will curb these crimes. The criminal justice system currently provides a certain leniency in punishments for youthful offenders in order to try and rehabilitate them, assuming they are, at a young age, not capable of making informed judgments for their actions. The impact of youthful offenders on the criminal justice system is that there are younger offenders committing more violent crimes than ever before, thus taxing the criminal court system as well. It would appear that current judgments made against young offenders, do not deter them enough so that they would move away from the environment that assists or encourages them to commit these crimes. Communities are also stressed becaus e rehabilitative services operate on limited budgets and, with an overload of cases, care and attention will also be limited. In the community itself, people are more afraid because, with youthful offenders, one cannot always protect oneself against younger criminals because laws also protect the young against abuse. Hypothesis The statement of prediction for this issue is that â€Å"if you are a younger offender, bent on violent crimes, you will not be punished the same way, or as severely, as adult offenders.† This hypothesis will examine the causes of violent crime by youthful offenders, such as poor economic circumstances, negative friendships, lack of parental supervision, and lack of educational or sports activities outside of home and school. The effects of this hypothesis will be the impact on the criminal justice system in overcrowded juvenile courts, punishments without efficient rehabilitative services, and whether criminal sentences are severe enough for violent c rimes, such as murder. An added effect is the impact on communities who are fearful of living in their homes because of these crimes, who will also take more advanced measures to protect their own, if the police cannot be relied on. Accordingly, the variables will be: causes-poor economic background, negative friends, no adult supervision, no outside activities, and for effects: overcrowded justice systems, inadequate rehabilitative services, too lenient sentences, and fearful communities. Measurement and Analysis Study Design – The study design is a quantitative literature review of cases and research studies, utilizing secondary data for descriptive analysis. The data searched for will be found in research studies, criminology reports and government databases. The data, reflecting the variables listed in the hypothesis, will be used in creating a new analysis of the problem which can identify solutions, based on results. All research studies and cases will be no older than 10 years. Sample – The sample will consist of youthful offenders from age 18 and under, found in secondary literature research. The review will also include, wherever possible, the judge’s decision in these case studies, and why the judge gave the decision for the offender. The descriptive in summary analysis will include gender, age, education, and head of household, i.e. mother or father, or both. The variables will be those listed in the hyp